1. Design an advertisement for:
a. Toothpaste
b. Chocolate
2. On an A4 size sheet write about a person who has achieved something great despite his/her physical disability
3. Write a paragraph in about 200-250words on :
a. Success knows no shortcuts
b. Time is precious
Exercise A.
1. She told Rita that when she was not n Delhi, she often met Mini.
2. I said that children are very energetic.
3. The pilot told the passengers that the plane would land in Kolkota.
4. The speaker said that young students need to devote time to social work.
5. The lawyer said that it was a hopeless case.
6. The teacher announced that there would be no classes that day.
7. Sarah said that Gita had worked efficiently.
8. The director told the students that they were very dedicated, so they would do well in life.
9. Soma told me that she had been very ill but she was better then.
10. The passenger said that he had to buy some water.
11. He said that his wife wanted to study law and join a law firm.
12. The police officer said that the accident had taken place at dawn.
Exercise B
1. The budding cricketer told his coach that he would improve if he guided him.
2. I told my friend that he/ she was not working hard enough.
3. The lady told her son that he was very impatient and lost his temper for trivial reasons.
4. I said that he could be trusted to do that job.
5. He told me that Sandeep should not have criticised his sister.
6. He said that he would talk to me/you/him about that the following month.
7. Jiya told me that she would return from London before I left for Chennai.
8. I told the mason that he was taking too long to finish the work. He had promised to complete it in a month.
9. Dr. David told me that I had injured my hamstring muscle. I needed to take rest till the following week.
10. He told me that I could go swimming the next day.
11. Rahul told me that he had met our Maths teacher the day before and he had promised to visit us that day.
12. I said that we had shifted to that apartment a month before.
Exercise C.
1. The stranger asked me if I had lost my way.
2. I asked Rima if she would like to have an ice cream.
3. She asked me lovingly what I would like to eat.
4. She asked me how much money she should take for the vacation.
5. She asked the plumber if he could fix it in a day. The plumber replied in negative that he couldn't start work before the coming week.
6. I asked the man if he could direct me to the post office.
7. I asked my teacher if he/she could explain that to me the next day.
8. Gora asked his mother why they couldn't go to the zoo that day.
9. She asked her friend if he/she would help her pack her bags. The friend replied in affirmative that he/she would certainly help.
10. She asked me who I was and what it was that I wanted from her.
11. He asked me if I could meet him at the library.
12. I asked the porter how much he would take for carrying my bags to the platform.
Exercise D
1. I ordered/requested Rima to help me in cleaning that room.
2. The teacher advised the pupils not to go out in the rain.
3. She requested me to repeat what I had just said.
4. The director advised the actor to be careful when he performed the stunts.
7. My father warned me that at that rate I would lose all my money.
8. Her brother advised her not to speak ill of her friends.
9. He advised his sister not to rush through that or she might commit grave errors.
10. He requested me not to misunderstand him.
11. The mother advised the children not to be so nervous about the exams.
ExIII
Ans1. A market is a physical place where buyers and sellers meet and exchange goods, services and information.
Ans2. In ancient days, before the invention of money, people met in a market place to barter or exchange goods and services. For example a cow could be bartered for ten sacks of wheat.
Ans3. Supermarkets are very big, usually air- conditioned, shopping complexes that have shops selling a variety of goods and services under one roof.
Ans4. Koyamkedu Market in Chennai and Azadpur Mandi in Delhi are two examples of wholesale markets.
Ans5. A department store has many sections or departments in it.
A chain store usually sells goods of one kind and are normally managed by the manufacturers themselves or franchised.
Ex IV.
Ans3. There are different types of markets:
a. WEEKLY MARKETS are held once a week, on a specified day, in a particular area. Weekly markets do not have permanent shops.
b. NEIGHBOURHOOD MARKETS consist of all those ships that cater to the immediate needs of the people of that locality. Though such shops do not offer much choice, they are very convenient for the people of the neighbourhood.
c.SUPERMARKETS AND MALLS are very big, usually air- conditioned, shopping complexes that have shops selling a variety of goods and services under one roof.
d. WHOLESALE MARKET is a place where producers bring their goods to be sold
ExIII
Ans1. Bhakti is the total surrender to God; it is the expression of extreme love to God but expecting anything in return.
Ans2. Sufism is an old religious sect from the Middle East. Sufi means 'wool' in Arabic. The Sufis wore simple woollen garments which reflected the kind of simple life they led. Just like the Bhakti saints, the Sufi pirs believed in meditation, love and devotion to God rather than in rigid customs and rituals. They expressed their devotion through dance and music. They we re respected greatly by the common people.
Ans 3. The earliest of the Bhakti saints was Shankaracharya. Born in the 8th century AD in Kerela, Shankaracharya travelled through out India to spread the importance of jnana as a means to reach God. To him, the world was an illusion or MAYA, with the only reality being that of Brahman or God.
Ans4. Four Bhakti saints of the Medieval period were: Kabir, Tulsidas, Ramanuja and Vallabhacharya.
Ans5. Moinuddin Chisti was one of the most revered of the Sufi saints. He came from Lahore and made Ajmer his home. All his life, he worked for the poor. He felt that service of God meant service of humanity. Even today his dargah is a popular holy place.
Ans6. Nizamuddin Aulia was a famous Sufi pirs of the 14th century AD. He set up his khanqah in Delhi. He asked his followers to lead Siple, austere lives and spend their time seeking God.
ExIV.
Ans2. The basic principles which all the Bhakti saints emphasised were:
1. They believed in the oneness of God -God was one,despite many names.
2. They believed in Bhakti or total surrender and devotion to God.
3.They believed in equality of all human beings. God was inside every person
4.They believed that the way to realise God was through Simple living, and loving and serving others.
5. They denounced elaborate rituals in religion and spoke against superstitions.
6. They believed in the presence of a personal God who could be approached directly without the help of the priests.
7. They believed that people could pray to God in their own simple language.
Ex.II
Ans1. Gender is the way each society sees a 'man' and a 'woman' and the different roles and responsibilities it expects the men and women to take on.
Ans2. Stereotyping is to have certain preconceived notions, which need n necessarily be true, about people and situations. For eg. Women are seen as fit for taking care of the house, cooking, and being a mother and a wife. Men are seen as providers of food and shelter.
Ans3. From the time they are infants, boys and girls are treated differently within most Indian families. Boys are pardoned the most mischievous or antics on the ground that 'boys will be boys'. They are expected to be troublesome. Girls, on the other hand, are expected to be more submissive and obedient.
Girls are expected to help out with the house work while boys are expected to run errands for the family.
Ans4. Since a girl leaves the house after marriage, investing in her welfare was considered to be a waste.
Investing in a boy's future made send as parents felt that later the boy would become the bread-winner of the family and support them in old age.
But this too is changing slowly as people find more and more economically independent women supports their parents in their old age.
Ans5. Even today women are expected to dress and conduct themselves with decorum in public, and not draw attention to themselves in any way. Women who choice to travel on their own, especially after dark, are viewed with suspicion and are often subjected to unwanted attention and comments.
Ans6. The gender- based discrimination of women and girls includes the denial of basic human rights to women, the preference of sons over daughters, and the the se of physical violence against women. Women and girls are deprived of equal access to resources, opportunities and political power.
Ans7. Sine household chores do not bring in any money, a woman's work is considered of no importance and is treated as if it does not exist. This is called the invisibilisation of a woman's work. Even when they work on the agricultural fields, their work is taken for granted.
Ans8. Women who work outside their homes, largely work in the informal sector which includes all the small and cottage industries that are not bound by the rules laid down by the government. People who work in the informal sector, therefore, often work in the most appalling conditions.
Ans9. To make gender equality's impact felt better, women must have influence in decision making.
Women and girls now have access to opportunities that were previously not available to them. Primary school enrolment rates for girls have jumped. More and more women are part of local bodies.
Several acts have been introduced in Parliament to bring about gender equality. Thirty three percent reserve has been introduced in local government bodies.
Nine Gold Medals
A1.
Ans1. The spectators had gathered there to cheer the participants of the Special Olympics.
Ans2. There was excitement in the air in anticipation of the last event of the day - the 100 metres race.
Ans3. The participants were waiting for the signal - the sound of gunshot, to charge ahead.
Ans4. As soon as the race began, the youngest of the athletes stumbled and fell down on the track and cried out in pain.
Ans5. On hearing the young boy's cry, the other athletes stopped, turned around and rushed to help the boy to his feet. Then they all walked together, hand in hand, to the finish line.
Ans6. The spectators, who were overwhelmed with emotion and respect to witness such a rare display of brotherhood and true sportsmanship, gave a standing ovation to the nine athletes.
A2
Ans1. These lines refer to the youngest of the nine runners. When the pistol announced the start of the race all the runners charged ahead. But the youngest runner stumbled and fell on the asphalt. He cried out in frustration and anguish as he felt he had lost the race, thus bringing an unhappy end to all his dreams of success.
2. When the youngest runner fell, the rest of the eight runners stopped and turned back to help the boy get up. They did this in spite of having undergone rigorous training for months with the aim to win.
3. All the nine runners joined hands and almost walked up to the finishing line. The banner indicating that it was a Special Olympics was appropriate. It was a 'special' Olympics because such a victory had never been seen before, such sportsman spirit had never been perceived before.
A3.
Ans1. These words refer to the medals awarded to athletes according to their winning positions. 'Gold' is for the athlete who comes first, 'silver' for second position and 'bronze' for third position.
Ans2. It was the youngest runner who cried out , because of the anguish that he felt at losing the race. Months of rigorous practice would be futile.
Ans3. The poet conveys the very important message for staying united and, the nobility of sportsman spirit.
Lord Ullin's Daughter
A1.
Ans 1. The chieftain is the chief of Ulva's isle. He is with his beloved bride, Lord Ullin's daughter. He wanted the boatman to help them cross the lake quickly.
Ans2. The chieftain was afraid of Lord Ullin and his men. If they caught up with them they would surely kill him. He and his bride had defied Lord Ullin. They had been on the run for three days from him
Ans 3. They were successful in escaping Lord Ullin and his men. However, both of them drowned in the stormy sea.
A2
Ans1. a. The boatman said this to the chieftain.
b. The speaker agreed to help the couple not for the money that the chieftain was offering him, but for the sake of his beautiful , innocent bride.
c. Though initially reluctant , the boatman immediately sailed away into the stormy sea with the two lovers.
Ans2. a. Lord Ullin's daughter said this to the boatman.
b. She is ready to suffer the consequences of a stormy sea rather than face the wrath of her father.
Ans3. a. Here, 'he' refers to Lord Ullin.
b. Lord Ullin is left lamenting as the sea devours his daughter. He hastily promises to let them get them married but it is too late.
c. When Lord Ullin reached the shore with his men , his wrath changed to grief. He found his lovely daughter drowning with one hand stretched out for help and the other around her lover. Lord Ullin repented his deeds and wanted to forgive his daughter. But it was too late. His cries were in vain. The stormy sea had already claimed his daughter and her lover.
A3
Ans1. The chieftain and his beloved are running away because Lord Ullin , along with his armed men , is chasing them. They have eloped and Lord Ullin wants to get his daughter back. He will kill the chieftain for this insolence.
Ans2. Lord Ullin loved his daughter dearly. He was harsh but it was his love for her love that made him angry at her choice to accept the chief of Ulva's isle. The death of his daughter is a harsh punishment for him. Lord Ullin called out to his daughter that he forgave her, and would accept her lover. But it was in vain. When Lord Ullin reached the shore with his men, his wrath changed to grief. He found his lovely daughter drowning with one hand stretched out for help and the other around her lover.
Lord Ullin's Daughter
A1.
Ans 1. The chieftain is the chief of Ulva's isle. He is with his beloved bride, Lord Ullin's daughter. He wanted the boatman to help them cross the lake quickly.
Ans
III. Answer in brief.
Q1. Name any one prominent tribe each of northern, southern, eastern and western India.
Ans. In the North - The Gujjars
In the South - The Badagas
In the East- The Nagas
In the West - The Banjaras
Q2. How did Banjaras help the Mughals?
Ans. During Medieval times, the Banjaras transported grains from the villages for sale in the towns and cities. They also worked as transporters for the Mughal armies. They carried their provisions and the arms, setting up camp on the outskirts of army encampments.
Q3. Give two examples, from different fields, for the influence of tribal culture on larger society.
Ans. i) Ancestor worship, the worship of fertility gods and goddesses and even practice of vrats or fasting and believed to have tribal origin
ii) Ayurveda draws heavily on the extensive knowledge tribal people had of plants and their medicinal uses.
Q4. Write a short note on Rani Durgavati.
Ans. The Gond queen Durgavati was a Chandela princess who married a Gond prince, Dalpatshah. When Dalpatshah died in AD 1550, as her son was too young, Durgavati ruled the Garha-Mandla Kingdom on his behalf till AD 1564 when she died in battle defending her kingdom against the Mughals.
Q5.Write a short note on the religious beliefs and food habits of the Gonds.
Ans. Religious Beliefs :-
Persa Pen , a family diety , is a distinctive feature of Gond Religion . The Gonds believe in supreme diety , a high god( Baradeo) and each Gond clan had its own Persa Pen. The people sought to ward off god's displeasures with sacrifices and prayers.
Food habits :-
The main food of Gonds was two varieties of millet called kodo and kutke . Rice was an item of luxury reserved for special days
Q6. Mention the prominent battle between the Mughals and the Ahoms.
Ans. 1) The Mughals first attacked the Ahoms in AD 1615.
2) Them in AD 1662, Mir Jumla , the Mughal Viceroy of Bengal under Aurangzeb, led an expedition against the Ahoms.
3) In AD 1671, the Ahoms , led by Commander in Chief , Lachit Barphjkar, defeated The Mughals at the battle of Saraighat.
4) The final conflict between the two powers took place at the Battle of Itakhuli in AD 1682.
A2.
Ans 1. Memories of his homeland bring tears to the poet's eyes. The West Wind comes from the west lands, where his homeland lies. Thus every time the poet hears the West Wind, tears come to his eyes.
Ans2. The land is picturesque- full of delicious fruits, pure air and tranquility. The air resounds with the song of the birds. Therefore, the poet calls that land a 'fine land.'
Ans3. The West Wind is the speaker in the third, fourth and fifth verses. He is asking the poet to return home.
Ans4. The West Wind describes the warm sunshine, the flowers in bloom, rabbits running in the corn fields. It is springtime, so; one can hear the wild bees and the larks. This pristine beauty will be like a soothing balm for the poet's aches.
A3.
Ans1. This line indicates that the West Wind is very keen that the poet return home. It keeps calling him as if to ensure his return.
Ans2. These lines refer to the beauty of the west lands during spring time. This is an inspiration for the poet.
Ans3. These lines express the poet's determination to take the road westwards and return to his homeland.
A4.
Ans1. The poet uses the word "warm" in two senses. Firstly, it indicates the arrival of spring after the bitterly cold winter. Secondly, it is 'warm' as it is full of love and affection.
Ans2. The West Wind has been personified. Therefore, the poet feels he can hear it calling to him from his homeland.
Ans3. The west land is the poet's homeland. It is where he belongs. So, he says that he will find warmth and comfort there.
Exercise III
Ans1. Advertising is the process of publicising a product or service by drawing people's attention to the product.
Ans2. A variety of media, like magazines, newspapers, radio, television and billboards are used for advertising.
Ans3. A brand is a name given to a product or service. The manufacturer creates a brand image for his product. He or she gives it a name and then tries to associate the name with certain desirable qualities. Advertisements are made focusing on the particular quality of the product. So the name of the product, or the brand gets associated with certain qualities. This becomes the brand image.
Ans4. Advertising can be of different types like commercial advertising, social advertising and political advertising.
Ans5. Commercial advertising seeks to sell a product or service by using a variety of techniques.
Ans6. When advertising is done for non- commercial purposes, and is used instead to educate, inform or motivate people, it is called social advertising.
Ans7. Political advertising involves the use of media and public places by political parties to inform the public about their agendas and programmes.
Exercise III
Ans1. During the Sultanate period, many of the larger villages slowly grew into towns called qasbas, which became centres of various crafts and trading activities.
Ans2. Delhi was both an administrative and a trade centre during the Mughal Period.
Ans3. In the South, Madurai, in the Deccan, Hampi, in the east Konark and in the west, Somnath were main temple towns.
Ans4. Spinning, weaving and printing of fine textiles, gem- cutting, metallurgy and high quality pottery were some of the crafts people of Medieval India were engaged in.
Ans5. Palampore was a variety of printed fabric, popular in the Mughal and Deccan courts. The borders of these pieces were block printed while the centre depicted the 'tree of life' motif made by hand.
Ans6. Masulipatnam was famous for 'Kalamkari' cloth which got its name from the 'kalam', the pen like tool used to draw designs on the cloth. Vegetable or mineral dyes were used to colour the cloth.
Q1. Why was the little girl outdoors on such a cold and dark night?
Ans. The little girl was outdoors on such a cold, winter night to sell matchsticks and earn money.
Q2. Why did she look a 'picture of sorrow'?
Ans. The little girl looked a 'picture of sorrow' as she crept trembling with cold and hunger, barehead and barefoot. Her feet had turned blue due to cold.
Q3. Why didn't the little girl try to return home?
Ans. The little girl didn't try to return home because she had not sold any matchsticks. She was sure to get a beating from her father if she went home empty handed. Moreover, it was cold inside her home too.
Q4. How did she try to protect herself from the cold?
Ans. The little girl seated herself in a corner formed by two houses and drew her legs close to keep herself warm.
Q5. What did the little girl see when the wall became transparent?
Ans. As the little girl lit the second matchstick, the light fell on the wall and the wall became transparent. On the other side of the wall, she saw a table covered with a snow white tablecloth; upon it was a splendid porcelain service and delicious, hot food.
Q6. "Oh, take me..........burns out."
Qa. Who said to whom?
Ans. The little girl said these words to her grandmother.
Qb. Why did she say,"you go away when the match burns out....?"
Ans. The stove, the roast goose and the Christmas tree - all had disappeared when the match burnt out. She was afraid that her grandmother would also vanish as soon as the match would burn out.
Qc. Why did she want to be taken along?
The girl was alone, hungry, cold and uncared for. So, she wanted her grandmother who had loved her like anything, when she was alive, to take her along.
A3.
Ans to Q3. The little girl didn't want her grandmother to go away. She needed the warmth of her love and comfort. So, she lit the whole bundle of matchsticks to make sure that her grandmother doesn't disappear like the stove, the roast too and the Christmas tree, once the match burns out.
Ans to Q4. Her grandmother was the only person who had ever loved her and cared for her. But she was no more. As the little girl sat in a corner of the street, cold and hungry, she couldn't help but think of her grandmother.
Q. Why did it seem to the girl that the goose hopped towards her?
Ans. The little girl was so hungry that it seemed to her that the roast goose hopped towards her, inviting her to eat itself.
A1.
1. Mr Roundhay, a bachelor, was the vicar of the parish. He was also a bit of an archaeologist.
2. Mortimer Tregennis , a local gentleman , was a lodger in one of the rooms in Roundhay's large, sprawling house.
3.Holmes and Watson had accepted Roundhay's invitation to tea once and met Mortimer Tregennis there.
4. They went to Holmes to report a curious tragedy that had led to Tregennis's two brothers going insane , and his sister's death. They wanted Holmes to solve the case.
5. Tregennis had gone to visit his siblings in their house , played whist with them , and then left. When he came back in the morning , he found them still sitting in their places at the table , the brothers , George and Owen , laughing and singing , and the sister , Brenda , dead.
6. Dr Leon Sterndale was a famous lion hunter and African explorer. He had been in love with Mortimer's sister , but could not marry her due to bitter family disputes regarding money. He reported that Mortimer had always thought the family had cheated him.
A2.
1a. The speaker is the narrator. Mr. Watson.
1b. The vicar was glad that Mortimer, a local gentleman, had rented one of the rooms in his large house.
2a. The vicar said this to Sherlock Holmes.
2b. They were lucky that Holmes was there on holiday when this strange incident took place. They were sure that he would be able to solve this extraordinary case.
2c. It means that Holmes was present at the village at the time that the tragedy took place.
5a. "We" refers to Holmes and Watson.
5b. Here, he refers to Dr. Leon Sterndale.
5c. Watson was surprised at the interest shown by Dr. Leon Sterndale as he did not know the relationship between Leon Sterndale and Mortimer Tregennis at that point of time.
A3.
1. Tregennis declares that the horrific event is the work of the devil. Such a demonic act cannot be the work of a human being.
2. Holmes observed the remains of a fire in the fireplace. He became suspicious and questioned its need on a spring evening.
Ex A2.
1a. Anne said these words to her mother.
b. Anne thinks that she is "hopeless" because she felt that no one ever appreciated her efforts. She is criticised for everything that she does.
c. No, I don't think Anne was hopeless. It was just that they were living in times of fear, confusion and mistrust. So, people seemed to get impatient with each other and lacked faith in others.
2a. Anne says these lines because she has learnt to think independently and her perspective has changed.
A3. Anne seems to have grown in wisdom and become more mature in the course of a year. She has learnt to think and judge objectively and wishes to see the world through her own eyes in an unbiased manner. She doesn't want to blindly follow the opinions of her parents but decides to defend them against those of the others.
ExA1.Answer the following questions.
Ans1. After reading the first diary entry it seems that Anne and her mother often had a difference of opinion. Anne resents the taunts made by her mother. She snaps back at her mother, who considers Anne to be an insolent, lazy girl. Anne is deeply hurt by her harsh words but doesn't show it.
Ans2. Anne feels hurt as she thinks that no one has ever appreciated her efforts. Everyone is always finding fault in everything that she does. She is considered to be showing off when she talks, ridiculous when she is silent, insolent when she answers, cunning when she gives a new idea, lazy when she is actually tired, calculating, stupid and many more terrible things.
Ans3. No,I don't think Anne was an exasperating girl. She tries her level best to please everyone. Although hurt by the nasty words hurled at her,she pretends not to mind them as she doesn't want them to see her troubles. She is ready to start afresh with the Van Daans and admits that the fault had been largely their own. She decides to give up on gossiping and not to speak ill of her family.
Ans4. Anne mentions the proverb, "The apple never falls far away from the tree." This proverb means that the child is not very different from his/ her parents.
Ans5. Anne seems to have grown in wisdom in the course of a year. Earlier she believed that the Van Daans were to blame for all the arguments that had taken place between them. Now she realises that most of the arguments could have been avoided. She understands that her parents had been right as far as the issues were concerned but admits that they could have used a little more insight in avoiding the confrontations.
